Bauran Pemasaran

Bauran pemasaran adalah empat komponen dalam pemasaran yang terdiri dari 4P yakni

• Product (produk)
• Price (harga)
• Place (tempat, termasuk juga distribusi)
• Promotion (promosi

Karena pemasaran bukanlah ilmu pasti seperti keuangan, teori bauran pemasaran juga terus berkembang. Dalam perkembangannya, dikenal juga istilah 7P dimana 3P yang selanjutnya adalah People (Orang), Physical Evidence (Bukti Fisik), Process (Proses). Penulis buku Seth Godin, misalnya, juga menawarkan teori P baru yaitu Purple Cow.
Pemasaran lebih dipandang sebagai seni daripada ilmu, maka seorang ahli pemasaran tergantung pada lebih banyak pada ketrampilan pertimbangan dalam membuat kebijakan daripada berorientasi pada ilmu tertentu.
Pandangan ahli ekonomi terhadap pemasaran adalah dalam menciptakan waktu, tempat dimana produk diperlukan atau diinginkan lalu menyerahkan produk tersebut untuk memuaskan kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen (konsep pemasaran).
Metode pemasaran klasik seperti 4P di atas berlaku juga untuk pemasaran internet, meskipun di internet pemasaran dilakukan dengan banyak metode lain yang sangat sulit diimplementasikan diluar dunia internet.

Internet marketing

Internet marketing, also known as digital marketing, web marketing, online marketing, search marketing or e-marketing, is referred to as the marketing (generally promotion) of products or services over the Internet. iMarketing is used as an abbreviated form for Internet Marketing
Internet marketing is considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media.Digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems are also often grouped together under internet marketing.^[3]
Internet marketing ties together the creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales.Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, email marketing, mobile advertising, and Web 2.0 strategies.^{[citation needed]}
In 2008, The New York Times, working with comScore, published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found that the potential for collecting data was up to 2,500 times per user per month.

E-procurement

E-procurement (electronic procurement, sometimes also known as supplier exchange) is the business-to-business or business-to-consumer or Business-to-government purchase and sale of supplies, Work and services through the Internet as well as other informations and networking systems, such as Electronic Data Interchange and Enterprise Resource Planning.
E-procurement is done with a software application that includes features for supplier management and complex auctions. The new generation of E-Procurement is now on-demand or a software-as-a-service.
There are seven main types of e-procurement:

• Web-based ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): Creating and approving purchasing requisitions, placing purchase orders and receiving goods and services by using a software system based on Internet technology.
• e-MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul): The same as web-based ERP except that the goods and services ordered are non-product related MRO supplies.
• e-sourcing: Identifying new suppliers for a specific category of purchasing requirements using Internet technology.
• e-tendering: Sending requests for information and prices to suppliers and receiving the responses of suppliers using Internet technology. May or may not involve e-auctions or eRFx functionality.
• e-reverse auctioning: Using Internet technology to buy goods and services from a number of known or unknown suppliers.
• e-informing: Gathering and distributing purchasing information both from and to internal and external parties using Internet technology.
• e-marketsites: Expands on Web-based ERP to open up value chains. Buying communities can access preferred suppliers' products and services, add to shopping carts, create requisition, seek approval, receipt purchase orders and process electronic invoices with integration to suppliers' supply chains and buyers' financial systems.

The e-procurement value chain consists of Indent Management, eTendering, eAuctioning, Vendor Management, Catalogue Management, and Contract Management. Indent Management is the workflow involved in the preparation of tenders. This part of the value chain is optional, with individual procuring departments defining their indenting process. In works procurement, administrative approval and technical sanction are obtained in electronic format. In goods procurement, indent generation activity is done online. The end result of the stage is taken as inputs for issuing the NIT.
Elements of e-procurement include Request For Information, Request For Proposal, Request for Quotation, RFx (the previous three together), and eRFx (software for managing RFx projects).

Market economy

A market economy is an economy in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. This is often contrasted with a state-directed or planned economy. Market economies can range from hypothetically pure laissez-faire variants to an assortment of real-world mixed economies, where the price system is under some state control or at least heavily regulated. In mixed economies, state-directed economic planning is not as extensive as in a planned economy.
In the real world, market economies do not exist in pure form, as societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees rather than allow full self-regulation by market forces.The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy, but, as Ludwig Erhard once pointed out, this does not preclude an economy from having social attributes opposed to a laissez-faire system.
The term used by itself can be somewhat misleading. For example, the United States constitutes a mixed economy (substantial market regulation, agricultural subsidies, extensive government-funded research and development, Medicare/Medicaid), yet at the same time it is foundationally rooted in a market economy. Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces. This is evidenced by the current lack of consensus on issues such as central banking and welfare.
It is also possible to envision an economic system based on independent producers, cooperative, democratic worker ownership and market allocation of final goods and services; the self-managed market economy is one of several proposed forms of market socialism.

Market

A market is any one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and services by barter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services (including labor) in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process in which the prices of goods and services are established.
For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition on at least one of its two sides However, competitive markets rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with single seller and multiple buyers is a monopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is a monopsony. These are the extremes of imperfect competition.
Markets vary in form, scale (volume and geographic reach), location, and types of participants, as well as the types of goods and services traded. Examples include:

• Physical retail markets, such as local farmers' markets (which are usually held in town squares or parking lots on an ongoing or occasional basis), shopping centers and shopping malls
• (Non-physical) internet markets (see electronic commerce)
• Ad hoc auction markets
• Markets for intermediate goods used in production of other goods and services
• Labor markets
• International currency and commodity markets
• Stock markets, for the exchange of shares in corporations
• Artificial markets created by regulation to exchange rights for derivatives that have been designed to ameliorate externalities, such as pollution permits (see carbon trading)
• Illegal markets such as the market for illicit drugs, arms or pirated products

In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influence its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has given rise to several theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in markets, buyers and sellers. The market facilitates trade and enables the distribution and allocation of resources in a society. Markets allow any tradable item to be evaluated and priced. A market emerges more or less spontaneously or is constructed deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of rights (cf. ownership) of services and goods.
Historically, markets originated in physical marketplaces which would often develop into — or from — small communities, towns and cities.